Evaluating new insecticides for the control of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on capsicum and zucchini

Abstract  The efficacy of insecticides in controlling Helicoverpa spp., predominantly H. armigera (Hübner), on capsicum and zucchini was tested in small plot trials. Indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and novaluron provided control, as measured by the percentage of damaged fruit, equal to or better than standard treatments of methomyl or methomyl alternated with methamidophos on capsicum. The Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedrovirus gave control equivalent to the standard treatment, as did Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai , but B. thuringiensis kurstaki was ineffective. Helicoverpa armigera larvae were present in zucchini flowers but did little damage to the fruit. None of the insecticides significantly reduced the percentage of damaged zucchini fruit compared with the untreated control. Bifenthrin, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide were effective in controlling larvae in flowers, while methomyl, B. thuringiensis aizawai , B. thuringiensis kurstaki and novaluron were not effective. Data indicated that all the insecticides effectively controlled larvae of Diaphania indica (Saunders), cucumber moth, in the zucchini flowers. There has been a limited range of insecticides available to manage Helicoverpa spp. in these vegetable crops, but these trials demonstrate the effectiveness of a number of newer insecticides that could be used and that would be compatible with integrated pest management programs in the crops.     

气象要素的时间分布对五代桑螟数量影响分析

应用积分回归方法,分析气象要素对5代桑螟Diaphania pyloalis Walker数量影响的结果显示,各气象要素的时间分布对5代桑螟数值效应的变化较大,有的时段为正效应,有的时段为负效应;影响效应最大为相对湿度,日平均温度次之,降水和日照项对湿度和温度起着修饰作用。8月上旬高温多湿、8月中旬高温干燥对5代桑螟发生量有明显促进作用;9月上旬多湿和适度低温、9月中旬干燥和适度高温有利于5代桑螟数量增加。多湿环境有利于桑螟卵的生存和孵化,干燥环境有利于桑螟幼虫和蛹的生存。用11年历史值进行验证,吻合效果达到极显著。通过2007年的预测值与大田实际调查值对比,误差在13.6%,证明模拟的数学模型能准确地反映5代桑螟自然种群数量动态。     

黄杨绢野螟雌蛾性信息素的鉴定及诱蛾活性

【目的】研究旨在深入探讨中国黄杨绢野Diaphania perspectalis 的雌蛾性信息素组成及诱蛾活性。【方法】利用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄杨绢野螟正常型性成熟雌蛾的性腺体提取物和合成标样比较分析,并用反-11-十六碳烯醛(E11-16:Ald) 、顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z-11-16:Ald）、顺-9-十六碳烯醛（Z-9-16:Ald)、顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z-11-16:OH)等物质进行触角的电生理测定,最后开展田间诱集比较试验以筛选出最佳性信息素混合物。【结果】Z-11-16:Ald为中国黄杨绢野螟正常型性信息素主要组分,E-11-16:Ald的含量极低,Z-11-16:OH未检测到。正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟触角对Z-11-16:Ald, E-11-16:Ald, Z-9-16:Ald和Z-11-16:OH产生强烈的EAG反应,并随着浓度的提高而显著增加;而对Z-11-16:Ac和E-11-16:Ac的嗅觉反应较弱,低于对植物绿叶气味顺3-己烯乙酸酯（Z-3-6:Ac）的反应。单一Z-1-16:Ald对正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟具有强烈的诱集效果,加入E-11-16:Ald有一定的增效作用,但在统计上则不显著。单一Z-11-16:Ald组分对黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟无引诱活性,必需加入一定比例的E-11-16:Ald才显示诱蛾活性。Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为250 μg:250 μg时诱集到的黑化型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多,而Z-11-16:Ald:E-11-16:Ald的比例为429 μg:71 μg时则诱集到的正常型雄性黄杨绢野螟数量最多。同时,单一Z-11-16:Ald也可引诱大量雄性粘虫Mythimna separata,但E-11-16:Ald抑制其活性。【结论】中国黄杨绢野螟的性信息素主成分是Z-11-16:Ald,单一组分即可在田间强烈引诱雄蛾,E-11-16:Ald的功能只起到微弱的增效作用,但也可能起种的专一性的作用。正常型与黑化型黄杨绢野螟对性信息素的嗅觉反应存在差异,黑化型黄杨绢野螟的性信息素接近日本种,即性信息素组成为Z-11-16:Ald和E-11-16:Ald 的混合物,其比例为1:1,且E-11-16:Ald为必需。     

桑螟绒茧蜂的生物学特性

采用不定期随机取样的方式 ,连续 3年就桑螟绒茧蜂ApantelesheterusiaeWilkinson对桑螟DiaphaniapyloalisWalker的自然寄生率进行了调查。结果表明 ,桑螟绒茧蜂在苏州一带的发生十分普遍 ,其自然寄生率为 2 2. 95 %～ 5 5. 41 % ,平均 3 3 . 99% ,全年各代都处于相对较高的水平 ,其中 9月份第 5代的自然寄生率最高 ,达 5 5 . 41 % ,是当地的优势天敌种群 ,对于桑螟的发生与危害具有明显的控制作用。该文报道了桑螟绒茧蜂的自然寄生情况及其成虫的生物学习性 ,为进一步开展桑螟的生物防治奠定了基础。     

黄杨绢野螟滞育诱导及光温反应

为了探讨黄杨绢野螟Diaphania perspectalis(Walker)越冬滞育特性,在自然条件与室内恒温下对黄杨绢野螟滞育诱导的光周期反应与光敏感龄期进行了研究。结果表明:该虫的光周期反应属于长光照反应型,短光照是引起黄杨绢野螟幼虫滞育的主要因子。幼虫的光周期反应对温度敏感,在恒温25℃和28℃条件下,诱导滞育的临界光周期分别为13h36min和12h50min。在日平均温度为26.7℃条件下,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13h40min。在恒温25℃条件下的滞育敏感虫龄试验表明,2～3龄幼虫即孵化后4～9d的幼虫对光周期反应最敏感。     

Natural Biological Control and Key Mortality Factors of Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Cucumber

Key mortality factors due to natural biological control of the melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata, were investigated. Mortality factors were quantified in cucumber plots and used to develop a life table. The highest mortality of the melonworm took place during the egg stage (90.08% mortality) when the most important mortality factor was the predator Paratrechina sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). However, the critical mortality stage of this insect pest was the fifth larval instar and its key mortality factor was parasitism by tachinid flies (aff. Amazohoughia, Eucelatoria sp. and aff. Lixophaga).     

桑螟发生规律及防治策略

通过室内饲养和大田调查 ,证实湖州地区桑螟DiaphaniapyloalisWalker年发生以 5代为主 ,少数年份有 4代 ;桑螟成灾主要集中在第 4,5代。大田桑螟消长同气候、养蚕形式、天敌、防治水平有密切关系 ,不同年份之间发生时间、数量差异很大。桑螟防治方法 :以调整养蚕布局为主 ,辅以化学防治。在大批桑螟 3龄前用药是药剂防治的关键。药剂有 :40 %桑宝乳油 1 1 4mg kg,养蚕安全间隔期 6～ 8d。     

瓜螟对寄生植物的选择和季节消长

瓜螟Diaphania indica Saunders是葫芦科植物的重要害虫.试验表明幼虫最嗜食冬瓜叶,其次是黄瓜、丝瓜和西瓜,对南瓜和蒲爪叶取食较少.雌蛾产卵时对植物有选择行为.在杭州每年从7月中旬起最多发生四代.十一年黑光灯下资料表明.灯下始蛾不早于七月上旬,终蛾不迟于十一月下旬,蛾蜂在八月下旬.卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹历期(天)与日平均温度(℃)的关系分别是:Y_e=18.500—0.550X,Y₁=35.203—0.901X,Y_p＆p=59.705—1.785X.拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Trichogramma confusum)和瓜螟小室姬蜂(Scenocharops sp.)是首次报道的瓜螟寄生蜂,前者年平均寄生率达54.2±38.2%.另发现瓜螟绒茧蜂(Apanteles sp.)、扁股小蜂(Elasmus sp.)和病毒.     

Natural enemies of the pumpkin caterpillarDiaphania indica [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] in Tamil Nadu

The survey for the natural enemies associated with the pumpkin caterpillar,Diaphania indica revealed the presence of 20 species of parasitoids, predators and pathogens. Of these, 16 were parasitoids belonging to the familiesBraconidae, Ichneumonidae, Bethylidae, Elasmidae andChalcididae. Except for 3 species the remaining parasitoids were new records forD. indica. The predators recorded were ants and spiders. A microsporidia also was recorded for the first time onD. indica.      

黄翅绢野螟生物学特性及田间种群动态

【目的】黄翅绢野螟Diaphania caesalis是热带木本粮食作物菠萝蜜Artocarpus heterophyllus的重要钻蛀性害虫,对热区快速发展的菠萝蜜产业威胁巨大。本研究旨在明确该虫的生物学特性及田间发生规律,为准确预测和高效治理该虫提供理论基础。【方法】在室内温度26±1℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期14L∶10D条件下,以菠萝蜜叶片为食料,观察黄翅绢野螟各龄期形态特征、发育历期及繁殖能力,并在田间网室中观察该虫年生活史;通过室内选择和非选择试验,研究该虫的寄主多样性;2018年1-12月通过田间系统调查,分析该虫在海南省琼中县的种群动态规律。【结果】黄翅绢野螟卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫的发育历期分别为4.58±0.50, 21.00±1.36, 2.50±0.51, 10.20±0.53和12.31±3.16 d,平均世代历期为50.50±3.54 d。各龄期主要形态特征为:卵椭圆形,表面具网纹;幼虫体黄褐色,化蛹前变白色,蜕裂线呈倒"Y"形;蛹红褐色,足和翅芽长至第5腹节;成虫体麦黄色,前翅有瓜子状和塔状黄斑。雌蛾可多次产卵,单雌产卵量为147.25±84.24粒。幼虫偏好取食菠萝蜜、榴莲蜜Artocarpus champeden和面包果Artocarpus altilis 3种植物。室内和网室观察结果表明,黄翅绢野螟在海南一年发生8代。2018年1-12月田间调查结果表明,从3月开始种群数量明显增加,至7月始终保持相对稳定的水平;7月中下旬至9月为种群高峰期;10月后种群开始回落,至次年2月种群保持在较低的水平。【结论】黄翅绢野螟能以菠萝蜜叶片为食料完成继代繁殖,属寡食性;7-9月是该虫在海南的种群高峰期(第5代),因此精准防控的关键时期为上代(第4代)成虫期,即7-8月。